Tuesday, September 18, 2012

WEEK 11 FINAL EXAM FORCED CHOICE


WEEK 11 FINAL EXAM FORCED CHOICE

 

1. Zach Reininger – very good, a few typos and minor errors but probably the best in the class

2. Amer Khwaja – I thought I did pretty good

3. Christopher Sua – did not color the quotes so they were harder to find but at least the questions were clear and there were no missing sections

4. Alicia Booth – couldn’t find a lawyer . Pretty good post though with lots of info. At least tried to do the assignment without a lawyer

5. Kylie Cameron – doesn’t list the questions, only 14 quotes, confusing without knowing the questions

6. Joy McGivern – not labeled properly, missing sections like Legal Authority and the questions. I counted only 18 quotes.

7. Lisa Munns – missing blogs, quotes do not flow in a narrative, missing questions

8. Briana Stephens – missing a section, doesn’t list the questions,

9. Andrea Carrillo – couldn’t find a lawyer. Didn’t do all the sections.

10. Bryan Ramirez – no final

11. Jonathan Thomas Allen – no final blog

12. Rom Alon – no final blog

13. Ericka McBee-Marquez – no final blog

 

 

 

 

 

Sunday, September 16, 2012

FINAL PROJECT: Your Own Argument and Opinions


 YOUR OWN ARGUMENT AND OPINIONS
(Note: AQ designates my lawyer, Aminah Qureshi, quotes from her are in red)
      It seems on some rules, the law is clear, on others, the law is more open to interpretation, hence the need for lawyers. One of the basic issues I posed was, should I register all my photographs? "Copyright is an automatic right and does not require you, the photographer to file special paperwork. Registration, however, is required to enforce the rights of the photographer. When a photo is not registered with the US Copyright Office prior to an infringement (or within three months of the first publication of the photo), a copyright owner may recover only “actual damages” for the infringement (pursuant to 17 U.S.C. 504 (b)), instead of statutory damages." – (AQ)
So from this I conclude that it is probably a good idea for me to register my photographs, to get the full benefits of copyright protection.
People do not have the right to copy your photographs, even if you sell them prints because "As the creator of art, the copyright owner has the exclusive rights to the art for purposes such as reproduction." – (AQ)
However, they are allowed to use them for a fair use: "Fair Use is a legal exception to the exclusive rights an owner has for his or her copyrighted work. The purpose of the Fair Use Doctrine is to allow for limited and reasonable use as long as the use does not interfere with the owners’ rights or impede their right to do the work as they wish." – (AQ)
"Reasonableness is a subjective standard. Therefore, if you as the photographer believe there has been an infringement of your rights, via your photograph, your photograph must: 1) have been registered in order to enforce your rights and 2) if/when litigation is brought it will be up to the discretion of a judge or jury to determine whether owner’s rights are impeded." – (AQ)
Another issue that came up was the issue of when you do and don’t need model releases. "Following industry standards, for any work that is will appear in consumer or trade magazines, newspapers, or educational books, you generally do not need a model release. This is also true of photographic exhibits. These are considered educational/informational uses. However, for photos that will be used in commercial applications – ads, brochures, posters, greeting cards, catalogs, poster cards, kiosks, trade shows, web sites, etc. you will need a release from your subject in order to be “legal.” "— (AQ)
It would seem that just to be on the safe side, it would be best to get model releases wherever possible for any pictures of people so that you can sell the photograph in the future.
"You don’t need a release for pictures of public property, such as government buildings (although you may run into problems just from photographing them, for security reasons)." – (AQ)
"For images of private property you are safer if you get a release." – (AQ)
For pictures of trademarked items, you are probably ok because "the use of trademarked items is only prohibited if it would confuse someone as to the origin or authenticity of a product." – (AQ).
             I learned a lot from this project and I can see the need to be aware of the laws and have a lawyer or know how to get one in case of any legal issues.

FINAL PROJECT: Rule of Law


 A lot of the questions involved the process of copyrighting pictures and what needs to be done to make sure that the copyright is valid so that if someone infringes on it, you can successfully sue them in court.
(for purposes of this document, book refers to Patent, Copyright & Trademark, 12th edition, Richard Stim, Nolo. Berkeley 2010)
(Items in gray are quotes from the book)

"Photographic images are protectable under copyright law whether in print or in digital format." (book p 312)
"Under the Copyright Act of 1976, an original work of authorship gains copyright protection the instant it becomes fixed in a tangible form. This means that such protection is available for both published and unpublished works."      (book p 234)
"A work is ‘created’ when it is fixed in a copy for the first time; where a work is prepared over a period of time, the portion of it that has been fixed at any particular time constitutes the work as of that time, and where the work has been prepared in different versions, each version constitutes a separate work". (book p 243)
If the subject is a person, you may need you may need a release from them:
"…a person who is the subject of a photograph may be able to prevent its reproduction under legal theories such as the right of publicity, defamation, or invasion of privacy." (book p 312)
If the subject is a public building "that is that is ordinarily visible to the public, photos or pictures of the building can be taken." (book p 213)
However buildings on private property generally require releases:
"Photographs of an architectural work created after 1990 cannot be reproduced without the consent of the owner of the copyright in the architectural work – usually the architect or the developer." (book p 213)
Pictures of trademarked items are usually allowed because
"Free speech laws permit the use of another company’s trademark for purposes of commentary or criticism.’ (book p 438)
If you chose to incorporate a part of someone else’s work into your image, then you must obtain their permission, unless your use is considered fair use:
"fair use—that is the work may infringe, but the infringement is excused because the work is being used for a transformative purpose such as research, scholarship, criticism, or journalism." (book p 201).
"Providing the author’s name will not, by itself, excuse someone from a charge of infringement, or qualify the use as fair use." (book p 215)
Once you have created your image and you have the proper permissions for it, if necessary, then you may chose to register it.
"Registration occurs when the Copyright Office receives all of the required application materials associated with an author’s clam and approves the application." (book p 322)
"Registration is recommended because it provides several advantages in case of infringement: Copyright owners must register their work prior to suing for infringement. For a published work, timely registration must occur within three months of first publication or before the infringement begins. For unpublished works, registration is timely as long as it occurs before the infringement begins." (book p 322).
"An original work of authorship is only considered published under the Copyright Act when it is first made available to the public on an unrestricted basis." (book p 320)
"Although the Copyright Office does not take an official position on the issue, it is generally considered that unrestricted Internet displays amount to publication. In 2002, a federal court ruled that the posting of a website to the internet amounted to publication."(book p 320)
 "It is more difficult for an infringer to claim fair use when the infringed work is unpublished because the infringing publication deprives its copyright owner of the right to determine its publication date." (book p 321)
"A valid copyright notice on a published work can prevent the claim of innocent infringement from being raised." (book p 321)
"Innocent infringement – when an author honestly believes, based on the circumstances, that a work is not protected by copyright – does not excuse infringement. It is however, a mitigating factor when determining the remedies for infringement". (book p 284)
Once registered, an image is protected by copyright laws in the US and in other countries as "Copyright protection rules are fairly similar worldwide, due to several international copyright treaties, the most important of which is the Berne Convention. Under this treaty, all member countries must afford copyright protection to authors who are nationals of any member country." (book p 202)
Also any variations of that picture are also protected unless they are different enough to be considered derivative work, even then they have some protections:
"A derivative work is a work that is based on one or more preexisting works. A work consisting of editorial revisions, annotations or other types of modifications which as a whole represent an original work of authorship is a derivative work." (book p 250)
So if you have your image and someone violates your copyright, then
     "In the event someone infringes the exclusive rights of a copyright owner, the owner is entitled to sue in federal court and ask the court to issue orders to prevent further violations, award money damages if appropriate, and in some circumstances, award attorney fees." (book p 200)
If it is used without your permission on a website then it falls under the DMCA:
     "The DMCA is often used by copyright claimants seeking to have an ISP remove infringing works under its ‘notice and takedown’ procedures." (book p 252)
      "Violations of the DMCA can result in civil remedies consisting of injunctive relief, actual damages, and statutory damages." (book p 253)





FINAL PROJECT: Reasoning of the Law

The lawyer goes about the legal issues in a very logical and methodical way. The lawyer first determines what type of law is involved, in this case for example, copyright law. Next the lawyer defines of all the relevant legal concepts involved, like for example, the definition of copyright. This is followed by the general legal concepts involved., like timeliness of copyright registration.  After that the lawyer cites laws that specifically pertain to the case at hand and any relevant cases to establish legal precedents wherever possible. Finally the lawyer reaches a conclusion, knowing full well that the ultimate interpretation will be left to a judge but that the research done will let them argue the case if it comes to that.

FINAL PROJECT: The Questions


THE QUESTIONS:

  1. What do I do if someone copies my images off my website and uses  them on their website or facebook page without my permission?
  2. In photography, when do you need a model release?
  3. In photography, when do you need a property release?
  4. The domain name of my website expired and someone in Russia bought the domain name. They then took the text of my website, but not the photographs, and put it on their website of the that name, is that legal?
  5. In that example, what is the legal remedy? I contacted the ISP and they said I needed a court order for them to take down my copyrighted material. Is that correct?
  6. Since I never ‘registered’ the material on the website, would that mean its too late to claim copyright infringement in that case?
  7. Say you are making a picture and you download someone else’s picture off the internet to use as the sky for your picture, for example, is this a violation of copyright law?
  8. For registration purposes, is a low resolution copy of a picture considered to be the same picture as the high resolution original or are these considered to be two separate works of art? Does every change to a picture that is saved effectively create a separate picture?
  9. Are you permitted to take photographs of trademarked items without the consent of the company that who owns that trademark. Like for example, a photo of a coke bottle?
  10. If I sell someone a print of my photograph, do they have a right to make a copy of it? Does the picture have to be registered in order to be protected?

These questions are of interest to me because they directly affect my ability to take and use photographs, which will be my livelihood as a photographer when I graduate. The specific concepts involved are, copyright, copyright registration, timeliness of copyright, model releases, property releases, published works, unpublished works, derivative works, and trademarks.

FINAL PROJECT: Legal Authority


After contacting several lawyers to see if they were available, I chose my cousin, Aminah Qureshi. She is very qualified because she just graduated at the top 10% of her class from the University of Virginia law school, where she was the executive editor of the University of Virginia Law Review. She is currently studying for the bar exam which she will take in February. She said that if she had problems with any of the questions that she could ask her teacher who is an intellectual property lawyer, but she said she didn’t have any problems.

EOC WEEK 10: Lawyer Jokes

http://www.iciclesoftware.com/LawJokes/IcicleLawJokes.html:

During the mid-1980s dairy farmers decided there was too much cheap milk at the supermarket. So the government bought and slaughtered 1.6 million cows. How come the government never does anything like this with lawyers? -- P.J. O'Rourke

Lawyers occasionally stumble over the truth, but most of them pick themselves up and hurry off as if nothing had happened.- Winston Churchill

Q: Why did New Jersey get all the toxic waste and California all the lawyers?
A: New Jersey got to pick first.


Q. How many personal injury attorneys does it take to change a light bulb?
            A. How many can you afford?

A. Three - one to turn the bulb, one to shake him off the ladder, and the third to sue the ladder company

Q. How can you tell when a lawyer is lying?
A. His lips are moving.

A new client had just come in to see a famous lawyer.
"Can you tell me how much you charge?", said the client.
"Of course", the lawyer replied, "I charge $200 to answer three questions!"
"Well that's a bit steep, isn't it?"
"Yes it is", said the lawyer, "And what's your third question?"

http://www.ahajokes.com/law001.html

Q: How can you tell if a lawyer is well hung?
A: You can't get a finger between the rope and his neck!

Q: If you are stranded on a desert island with Adolph Hitler, Atilla the Hun, and a lawyer, and you have a gun with only two bullets, what do you do?
A: Shoot the lawyer twice.
http://www.swapmeetdave.com/Humor/Lawyer.htm

Bad Reputation
Isn't it a shame how 99% of the lawyers give the whole profession a bad name.

People Drowning
If a lawyer and an IRS agent were both drowning, and you could only save one of them, would you go to lunch or read the paper?


A doctor and a lawyer were attending a cocktail party when the doctor was approached by a man who asked advice on how to handle his ulcer. The doctor mumbled some medical advice, then turned to the lawyer and asked, "How do you handle the situation when you are asked for advice during a social function?"

"Just send an account for such advice" replied the lawyer.

On the next morning the doctor arrived at his surgery and issued the ulcer-stricken man a $50 account. That afternoon he received a $100 account from the lawyer.



A dog ran into a butcher shop and grabbed a roast off the counter. Fortunately, the butcher recognized the dog as belonging to a neighbor of his. The neighbor happened to be a lawyer.

Incensed at the theft, the butcher called up his neighbor and said, "Hey, if your dog stole a roast from my butcher shop, would you be liable for the cost of the meat?" The lawyer replied, "Of course, how much was the roast?" "$7.98."

A few days later the butcher received a check in the mail for $7.98. Attached to it was an invoice that read: Legal Consultation Service: $150 .